ETS Praxis School Psychology Practice Test

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• Crisis team: students most likely to experience traumatic stress reactions after a school-associated crisis are those who
• Based on data showing slow but steady progress in conversational English while academic English remains below grade level, what is an appropriate next step?
• Based on Emma's classroom behavior described as encircling herself with desks and shouting 'This will keep them out!', Emma is likely exhibiting symptoms of which disorder?
• An alternative school is most appropriate for which students?
• A school psychologist uses stratified random sampling to study a program and uses a well-researched measure before and after the intervention. Which statement about the study's validity is true?
• Direct observation can best be described as which of the following?
• In a social-skills program, a psychologist has children imagine they are being teased and consider how they would respond. This is an example of which type of rehearsal?
• Norm-referenced assessments principally provide comparisons to which group?
• NASP states that supervising school psychologists of a district must
• If the results of research are determined to be statistically significant, which statement is true?
• Interpreting retention and dropout data, what is an appropriate action for the school psychologist?
• Which statement best aligns with crisis prevention practices in schools?
• Which professional is most central to coordinating mentoring initiatives and monitoring progress of at-risk students?
• A reasonable accommodation for students with writing difficulties in a general education setting is to use what tool?
• What is the best practice for obtaining feedback after a training session on ADHD criteria?
• Which statement best characterizes social justice in school psychology practice?
• According to family systems theory, as students become more differentiated from other family members, they become...
• School psychologists can most effectively increase cultural competence in assessment and intervention by:
• According to NASP 'School Family Partnering to Enhance Learning: Essential Elements and Responsibilities,' which of the following is most accurate concerning school-family partnerships?
• Which issue is most closely associated with fair, equal, and proper treatment of all persons irrespective of ethnic origin, gender, possessions, race, or religion?
• Kelly's CTOPP-2 results: which statement best describes relationship between overall ability and phonological processing?
• According to NASP, current literature on grade retention resulting from high‑stakes testing and accountability measures takes which position?
• When parents ask about an ADHD self-management intervention, the best course is to:
• Assessments that evaluate each student in relation to a reference group are called what?
• Academic success and positive classroom behavior are most enhanced by collaboration between which settings?
• Which type of measurement is used to assess a student's level of mastery?
• Before consulting with teachers about a Tier 3 intervention, what is the ethical obligation to parents?
• Connor, a first grader who lives with his mother, aunt, and teenage cousin Brian, is exposed to aggression at home. Because of this home situation, Connor will most likely be
• What is the primary role of a culture broker in a school setting?
• School-community partnerships are designed to enhance what outcome?
• Which data should the school psychologist consider to identify which students are most at risk of dropping out?
• Acculturation is defined as
• A kindergarten teacher reports Jill has difficulty interacting with peers; after observation, the psychologist determines she has not developed adequate social skills. Which strategy should be implemented to help Jill?
• Which characteristic defines a culturally appropriate cognitive assessment for an English-language learner?
• What is a major advantage of standardized norm-referenced assessments compared to curriculum-based assessments?
• In normative-developmental assessment, the performance is interpreted relative to which comparison group?
• Which approach aligns with best practices when assessing an English-language learner for a possible learning disability?
• The description of Karen's test score stating that the true score lies within a 95% range (89–100) on any given day is an example of which psychometric concept?
• In culturally responsive assessment, which practice supports effective communication with families who speak a language different from the district’s majority language?
• Competence enhancement approaches focus on teaching what type of skills?
• In evaluating Jia Li's concerns, what is the best next step for the school psychologist?
• In the reading progress study, how often were progress checks conducted annually?
• Which is the most appropriate Tier 3 intervention for students at highest risk of dropout?
• In a multimethod model of assessment, child interviews are most helpful for which purpose?
• The school psychologist describes sampling as selecting participants based on race/ethnicity, free lunch status, gender, and three academic performance categories. What sampling method is this?
• Which of the following is NOT an indirect behavior assessment?
• Elizabeth’s teacher suspects boredom and asks how the school psychologist should respond. The best approach is to:
• What is the most effective method for bridging cultural gaps in a new area?
• In systems theory, replacing a school's principal is likely to affect every part of the system because of what phenomenon?
• Covert rehearsal involves mentally simulating responses to social situations:
• Which thinking involves identifying what may happen as a direct result of acting in a particular way?
• A school psychologist with limited experience with English-language learners seeks professional education resources and asks if the case should be reassigned. This concern primarily reflects which professional issue?
• A preschool student frequently pushes other students off the playground equipment because he does not know how to ask politely if he can take a turn to play. This student exhibits what type of social skills deficit?
• Which term describes acquiring the cultural traits of a dominant group?
• Which type of thinking involves generating unrelated solutions to a problem?
• The Good Behavior Game is an example of what type of intervention?
• Ms. Mason wants to ensure cultural sensitivity in a Haitian-population area. What is the most effective way to bridge the cultural gap?
• Competence enhancement approaches are very effective for preventing substance abuse in schools because they
• In a team evaluating a new learning intervention used in multiple elementary schools, which tool is most useful for maintaining a database and performing data analysis?
• A school psychologist is supervising the work experience of a practicum student. As a part of supervisory responsibilities, the school psychologist will also be conducting an end-of-semester evaluation of the student's knowledge and skills. As the semester progresses, the school psychologist and student realize they are developing an attraction to each other. The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) Principles for Professional Ethics indicate that
• To help prevent a school crisis, a school psychologist should:
• NASP ethics require what regarding test forms when a district wants to save costs?
• In school screening, which statement best describes the role of a screening instrument?
• Which scenario illustrates observer drift?
• In the mental health consultation model, what is true?
• In keeping with best practices, what should the school psychologist do first concerning the test results when there is no court order restricting custody?
• Dr. Jantz notes that one-on-one direct service hours nearly doubled over five years. Which statements are plausible explanations for this change?
• Assessments validated and standardized in the student's native language contribute to fair evaluation. This statement is:
• Following the steps of exploring the victim's problem and identifying possible solutions, which step comes next?
• Which data pattern should guide a school psychologist to implement mentoring programs for at-risk students?
• Which is the best evidence-based strategy to promote home-school collaboration?
• Which data or assessment approach is most appropriate for measuring progress over time in response to an academic intervention?
• In the initial phase of psychological first aid, what is a core action?
• Which term describes the short-term crisis framework that emphasizes immediate practical support and emotional reassurance?
• What is the average scaled score on CTOPP-2 subtests with mean 10 and standard deviation 3?
• In a conservation task, a student is shown a ball of clay. A teacher flattens the ball of clay and asks the student if there is more, less, or the same amount of clay. This demonstrates:
• Which statement accurately reflects a psychometric property important for a screening instrument?
• Which of the following is an example of observer drift?
• A district pilots a new math instruction program in one school; during the pilot, teachers in other schools continue with the old method and student scores improve. Which phenomenon best explains this change?
• Which ethical principle is emphasized by NASP to avoid conflicts and maintain professional boundaries when supervising practicum students?
• All of the following are assets of the Differential Ability Scales‑II (DAS‑II) EXCEPT which option?
• During a psychoeducational assessment, a student reveals he is gay. What is the professional responsibility of the school psychologist?
• The assessment scenario in which a translator is used to obtain developmental and social history and to assess multiple domains, while considering the impact of the student’s values and beliefs, is best described as which type of assessment?
• What term describes establishing and maintaining productive working relationships between families and schools to facilitate student learning?
• External validity in program evaluation refers to generalizability to other settings, populations, and times.
• Which component of reading fluency is primarily targeted by fluency-focused interventions?
• A teacher proposes exempting students from some homework to read more books. This behavior-modification technique is best described as:
• What is the most effective way for a school psychologist to encourage parental involvement in student learning?
• When evaluating a curriculum's effectiveness, which design element helps protect against bias if random assignment is not possible?
• Which characteristic is NOT used to form strata in the described stratified sampling?
• Arnold Gesell contributed to school psychology by devising prototypical normative assessments of infants and young children.
• The statement 'we can be 95% confident that the true score falls within the range 89–100' illustrates which concept?
• Which feature best describes a key design characteristic of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT)?
• Which CTOPP-2 subtest assesses rapid naming of digits?
• What is the primary purpose of evaluating an entire school psychology program?
• In Slaikeu's crisis approach, which step follows the step of identifying and expressing thoughts and emotions, exploring the problem, and identifying solutions?
• A fourth-grade teacher approaches the school psychologist to discuss Ben, who has difficulty initiating writing assignments to the point where his grades are falling. The psychologist suggests that Ben might benefit from working with a small group to practice using graphic organizers. This instructional strategy is referred to as
• If a subtest T-score is 60, what does this indicate relative to the mean of 50 with a standard deviation of 10?
• Which intervention strategy emphasizes manipulating antecedents to assist in decreasing disruptive classroom behavior?
• When interpreting results from computer-assisted scoring, what is expected of the school psychologist?
• Which option correctly identifies a problem-solving skill related to adjustment?
• A student who never talks during class, lunch, or recess but talks at home with immediate family: what should be the psychologist's first step?
• According to John Salvia and James Ysseldyke, which of the following is a matter of experiential background rather than a matter of gender, skin color, race, or ethnic background?
• In Dodge's processing model, what sequence describes how social information is handled?
• A culturally appropriate learning disability evaluation for an English-language learner should include which components?
• What is the recommended initial method for improving cultural competence in school psychology practice?
• In child therapy, the primary goal of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is to teach a child:
• In a team evaluating a new learning intervention across schools, the school psychologist's role of maintaining the database and performing data analysis is best described as which function?
• Which teaching approach promotes high levels of academic engagement and prevents off-task and disruptive behaviors?
• If the standard error of measurement increases, what happens to the width of the confidence interval around an observed score?
• A curriculum accommodation that uses equipment or a set of products to allow access to or enhance the learning of students with disabilities is best described as:
• Which description best explains causal thinking?
• According to the American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, when a psychologist obtains permission from parents to assess a child, the school psychologist is complying with which principle?
• Measures of central tendency are best described as:
• For Nonnative English-language learners, what is the best way to increase the comprehensibility of instruction?
• A policy violation occurs when a school restricts a student with a disability from using the computer lab.
• When presenting information about ADHD diagnostic criteria at a teacher in‑service, what is the best way to obtain feedback about the presentation?
• Which description best captures the essence of evidence-based practice in school psychology?
• School psychologists working in culturally diverse schools must do what regarding their own cultural influences?
• The principal for a Title I school informs the school psychologist that instead of trying to identify children at risk for reading problems in kindergarten, she wants to focus on first-grade students who may be at risk. What is the most likely explanation for why the principal wants to identify students in the first grade?
• In the managing complex change model, besides vision, skills, incentives, and resources, what is the fifth component?
• Which theory emphasizes that events affecting one family member affect others and that behavior can change based on context?
• In a study comparing two first-grade classes, which statistical procedure is appropriate for comparing their mean oral reading fluency scores?
• Which measure is used in universal screening to track reading progress?
• Ethan is a first grader with frequent outbursts and social difficulties. Which special education eligibility category best fits his profile?
• What best characterizes the focus of a behavioral model of school intervention?
• Which of the following best describes the purpose and use of curriculum-based measurement (CBM)?
• What statistical method combines results across multiple studies addressing the same question?
• During interpretation of assessment results, the possible impact of a student’s values, attitudes, and beliefs should be considered. This principle best reflects:
• After universal screening in reading shows 31% below the district standard, the school psychologist should:
• Observer drift is defined as which of the following?
• Which of the following is the best example of providing culturally competent services?
• Which universal intervention strategy is used to prevent violent and destructive behavior in schools?
• Cumulative cognitive deficit (CCD) risk is highest for which childhood experience?
• In Caplan's consultee-centered case consultation, what is the consultant primarily concerned with?
• Adaptive behavior assessment data are most useful for informing which type of supports in an IEP?
• Regarding advocacy and public policy efforts to address poverty, which statement is true?
• According to NASP Principles for Professional Ethics, what is the most appropriate course of action when a parent who is married to a teacher asks a school psychologist for private therapy?
• In Miguel’s situation, which initial step would likely yield the most favorable outcome?
• The cognitive ability of conservation is defined as:
• What is the primary problem associated with using local norms to evaluate a program?
• Which statement best reflects best practice for evaluating English-language learners for learning disabilities in terms of assessment language?
• Tier 3 instruction is best described as which type of intervention?
• In the scenario of divorced parents with a request not to share reevaluation results, what is the best initial step for the psychologist regarding education records if there is no court order restricting sharing?
• A common challenge for school psychologists assessing infants and toddlers is:
• Which of the following statistical procedures systematically combines data from multiple studies that focus on the same question and use similar variables?
• The margin of error to be expected in an individual's test score as a result of the degree of reliability in the test is known as
• The first step in planning program evaluation in a school setting is to describe what?
• In evaluating behavior concerns such as a child who frequently leaves her seat, which observational data are relevant?
• In problem-solving consultation to reduce how often a child refuses to follow instructions, the first step should be to
• NASP recommends collaboration with schools and families to form and maintain effective partnerships by which components?
• A student exhibits social-communication impairments, restricted interests, repetitive behaviors; which disability is most consistent?
• Jacob is a third-grade student with a specific learning disability and a language impairment, receiving services in both regular and special education classrooms. His placement best reflects which concept?
• According to United States Census Bureau projections, which minority group is expected to be the largest among school-age students in 2050?
• Which statement best describes normative-developmental assessment?
• Which statement best describes the primary aim of proactive classroom management?
• Which characteristic is commonly associated with Down syndrome?
• For a district-wide evaluation of bullying prevention programs at multiple levels, which analysis is most appropriate?
• Which statement is true when considering the use of assistive technology to enhance learning opportunities for students with disabilities?
• Which measure of central tendency is least affected by outliers in a skewed distribution?
• Family Systems Theory emphasizes the basic tenets of ______ include the acknowledgment of changeable behavior as determined by context rather than rigid traits, as well as the recognition that events that affect one member of the family system in some way affect the other members, too.
• To reduce bullying on campus, in buses, and in bus waiting areas, intervention should target which group?
• A fifth-grade student participates in a reading intervention where he rereads a passage aloud (about 100 to 200 words) and the teacher provides a word for misreadings or hesitations over five seconds. The passage is reread until very few errors occur. This intervention is intended to remediate which construct?
• An observed increase in one-on-one direct service hours is most plausibly due to which outcome?
• Expertise in which areas is most relevant to school psychologists participating on prereferral intervention teams (PITs)?
• School climate is best determined by which of the following?
• In the scenario where a student on ESOL shows progress in conversational English but academic English lags, and parents request an evaluation for a learning disability, what is the most appropriate response?
• Data showing improvement in conversational English but not academic English indicates which type of support is needed?
• What type of test score is the number of points earned on a test?
• Which assessment approach is designed to measure a student's progress toward the specific objectives of the current curriculum?
• Which term describes the ethical concern when a professional relationship could harm impartiality due to personal connections with a family involved?
• An individual or group acquires the cultural traits of a dominant group through the process of
• According to the managing complex change model, the five components are vision, skills, incentives, resources, and an action plan. If resources are not present, the outcome is likely to be?
• In Kenneth Dodge's model of social information processing, a shove, a smile, and an invitation to join a game are examples of which major unit of social interaction?
• Kelly is a 5-year-old with hearing impairment and an intellectual disability; she uses minimal speech and signs. Which measure of general intelligence is most appropriate to use with Kelly?
• Given that a student demonstrates slow progress in English but progress in conversational fluency, what is a prudent next step in LD evaluation?
• Which statement best describes the role of two-way communication in school-family partnerships?
• To assist his students in becoming self-regulated learners, Mr. Zhang wants to teach them self-correcting techniques. Which of the following is the most effective strategy for Mr. Zhang to use to achieve this goal?
• NASP posits that partnerships are created through which processes?
• The presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 is most often associated with what characteristic?
• Which statement best describes intrinsic motivation?
• When forming a school-wide task force to address declining grades, which stakeholders should be included?
• Which term describes in-depth research on one or a few participants using observations, interviews, and psychological testing?
• On the advice of the school psychologist, a teacher is trying to minimize the occurrence of a student's behavioral outbursts by ignoring the behavior. The teacher is using which of the following techniques?
• Systematic desensitization was developed to address which type of problem?
• Ms. Norton is a new school psychologist who is concerned about her cultural competence. What is the best action for her to take?
• When selecting a screening instrument for anxiety and depression for high school students, the lowest acceptable reliability should be
• Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate when a distribution is skewed, as in the example with extreme scores?
• The ______ is based on psychoanalytic theory. It focuses on the feelings of the consultee or client and how those feelings affect the situation.
• Nonverbal cognitive assessments minimize language demands in evaluations for English-language learners. This statement is:
• A subtest T-score of 50 on an intellectual ability measure indicates what about the distribution?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the components of Project ACHIEVE?
• Which of the following best captures the Bandura concept most central to social cognitive theory?
• To ensure a comprehensive Tier 3 review, which activity should the team perform?
• Which of the following is a way a school psychologist can promote social justice?
• Which seventh-grade student demonstrates intrinsic motivation?
• Which law prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in providing any aid, benefit, or service, either directly or through contractual arrangements?
• Based on research, which cognitive function has an important impact on performance across reading, math, and language domains?
• A fourth-grade student from a highly authoritarian education background will likely need support in which area?
• What is required when using computer-assisted scoring and interpretation programs in school psychology?
• Which thinking involves awareness of intermediate steps required to achieve a goal?
• What is the best initial action for working with Michael, an eighth grader with ELL needs and a history of transitions?
• Which of the following best describes the prereferral intervention team (PIT) expertise?
• Which of the following strategies can teachers use to increase resilience in students?
• Why is it important to address bystanders in bullying prevention?
• Which statement about the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition (KBIT-2) is most accurate?
• What type of data is most likely to be used to evaluate the effects of an academic intervention developed through consultation?
• In MTSS, when a student shows both academic difficulties and off-task behavior, what is the initial step?
• Which statement about Tier 2 interventions is correct?
• Andres has frequent lateness, falls asleep in class, and is failing reading and math. The school psychologist believes the best way to help him is to foster home-school collaboration. Which activity could address the family level?
• A principal wants to evaluate whether a new math curriculum improves math achievement. Which evaluation method is most effective?
• Which law specifically addresses the confidentiality of student educational records and access to those records?
• Which option is NOT a NASP-recommended component of effective school-family partnerships?
• What does the standard error of measurement determine?
• Systematic desensitization is categorized as which type of therapy?
• Which of the following intervention strategies emphasizes manipulating antecedents to assist in decreasing disruptive classroom behavior?
• In Michael's case, which factor related to language and culture could influence assessment?
• The 'less-is-more' hypothesis in language development argues that young children's language learning is aided by:
• Which of the following is the fifth step in Karl Slaikeu's psychological first aid crisis approach?
• What intervention is most effective at facilitating the education of gifted students?
• Which type of consultation model is illustrated when breaking a problem into subordinate objectives like reducing fear responses in Jay?
• Which statement best describes how cultural brokers differ from community liaisons?
• A fourth-grade student with a severe intellectual disability is being evaluated for educational planning. Which additional assessment would be most useful to the IEP team?
• What does the paradox of school psychology emphasize?